Bump version to 10.11.10

Fix GHSA-wwwm-px48-fpvq

.gitignore

@@ -277,3 +277,7 @@ apiclient/generated
 
 # Omnisharp crash logs
 mono_crash.*.json
+
+# Devcontainer temp files
+.devcontainer/devcontainer-lock.json
+dotnet/

Emby.Naming/Emby.Naming.csproj

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Naming</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/PathManager.cs

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
+using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 
 namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library;
 
@@ -14,18 +16,22 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library;
 /// </summary>
 public class PathManager : IPathManager
 {
+    private readonly ILogger<PathManager> _logger;
     private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _config;
     private readonly IApplicationPaths _appPaths;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PathManager"/> class.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="logger">The logger.</param>
     /// <param name="config">The server configuration manager.</param>
     /// <param name="appPaths">The application paths.</param>
     public PathManager(
+        ILogger<PathManager> logger,
         IServerConfigurationManager config,
         IApplicationPaths appPaths)
     {
+        _logger = logger;
         _config = config;
         _appPaths = appPaths;
     }
@@ -35,9 +41,16 @@ public class PathManager : IPathManager
     private string AttachmentCachePath => Path.Combine(_appPaths.DataPath, "attachments");
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
-    public string GetAttachmentPath(string mediaSourceId, string fileName)
+    public string? GetAttachmentPath(string mediaSourceId, string fileName)
     {
-        return Path.Combine(GetAttachmentFolderPath(mediaSourceId), fileName);
+        var safeName = PathHelper.GetSafeLeafFileName(fileName);
+        if (safeName is null)
+        {
+            _logger.LogWarning("Rejecting attachment filename '{FileName}' for MediaSource {MediaSourceId}: not a valid leaf name.", fileName, mediaSourceId);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return Path.Combine(GetAttachmentFolderPath(mediaSourceId), safeName);
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc />

Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/UserDataManager.cs

@@ -236,12 +236,16 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
-        public UserItemData? GetUserData(User user, BaseItem item)
+        public UserItemData GetUserData(User user, BaseItem item)
         {
-            return item.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)).Select(Map).FirstOrDefault() ?? new UserItemData()
+            var cacheKey = GetCacheKey(user.InternalId, item.Id);
-            {
+            return _cache.GetOrAdd(
-                Key = item.GetUserDataKeys()[0],
+                cacheKey,
-            };
+                (k, i) => i.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)).Select(Map).FirstOrDefault() ?? new UserItemData()
+                {
+                    Key = i.GetUserDataKeys()[0],
+                },
+                item);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />

Emby.Server.Implementations/Session/SessionManager.cs

@@ -271,9 +271,9 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Session
                         user.LastActivityDate = activityDate;
                         await _userManager.UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
                     }
-                    catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException e)
+                    catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
                     {
-                        _logger.LogDebug(e, "Error updating user's last activity date.");
+                        _logger.LogDebug("Error updating user's last activity date due to concurrency conflict. This is an expected event.");
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Session
         {
             CheckDisposed();
 
-            var adminUserIds = _userManager.Users
+            var adminUserIds = _userManager.GetUsers()
                 .Where(i => i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator))
                 .Select(i => i.Id)
                 .ToList();

Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/StartupController.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+using System;
 using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
-using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Jellyfin.Api.Constants;
 using Jellyfin.Api.Models.StartupDtos;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public class StartupController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     {
         // TODO: Remove this method when startup wizard no longer requires an existing user.
         await _userManager.InitializeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-        var user = _userManager.Users.First();
+        var user = _userManager.GetFirstUser() ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("No user exists after initialization.");
         return new StartupUserDto
         {
             Name = user.Username
@@ -131,22 +131,29 @@ public class StartupController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status204NoContent)]
     public async Task<ActionResult> UpdateStartupUser([FromBody] StartupUserDto startupUserDto)
     {
-        var user = _userManager.Users.First();
+        var user = _userManager.GetFirstUser();
+        if (user is null)
+        {
+            return NotFound();
+        }
+
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(startupUserDto.Password))
         {
             return BadRequest("Password must not be empty");
         }
 
-        if (startupUserDto.Name is not null)
-        {
-            user.Username = startupUserDto.Name;
-        }
-
         await _userManager.UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
+#pragma warning disable CA1309 // Use ordinal string comparison
+        if (startupUserDto.Name is not null && !startupUserDto.Name.Equals(user.Username, StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            await _userManager.RenameUser(user.Id, user.Username, startupUserDto.Name).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore CA1309 // Use ordinal string comparison
+
         if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(startupUserDto.Password))
         {
-            await _userManager.ChangePassword(user, startupUserDto.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _userManager.ChangePassword(user.Id, startupUserDto.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         return NoContent();

Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/UserController.cs

@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
 
         if (request.ResetPassword)
         {
-            await _userManager.ResetPassword(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _userManager.ResetPassword(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
         else
         {
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
                 }
             }
 
-            await _userManager.ChangePassword(user, request.NewPw ?? string.Empty).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _userManager.ChangePassword(user.Id, request.NewPw ?? string.Empty).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             var currentToken = User.GetToken();
 
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
 
         if (!string.Equals(user.Username, updateUser.Name, StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
-            await _userManager.RenameUser(user, updateUser.Name).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _userManager.RenameUser(user.Id, user.Username, updateUser.Name).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         await _userManager.UpdateConfigurationAsync(requestUserId, updateUser.Configuration).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         // If removing admin access
         if (!newPolicy.IsAdministrator && user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator))
         {
-            if (_userManager.Users.Count(i => i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator)) == 1)
+            if (_userManager.GetUsers().Count(i => i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator)) == 1)
             {
                 return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden, "There must be at least one user in the system with administrative access.");
             }
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         // If disabling
         if (newPolicy.IsDisabled && !user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled))
         {
-            if (_userManager.Users.Count(i => !i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled)) == 1)
+            if (_userManager.GetUsers().Count(i => !i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled)) == 1)
             {
                 return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden, "There must be at least one enabled user in the system.");
             }
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         // no need to authenticate password for new user
         if (request.Password is not null)
         {
-            await _userManager.ChangePassword(newUser, request.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _userManager.ChangePassword(newUser.Id, request.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         var result = _userManager.GetUserDto(newUser, HttpContext.GetNormalizedRemoteIP().ToString());
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ public class UserController : BaseJellyfinApiController
 
     private IEnumerable<UserDto> Get(bool? isHidden, bool? isDisabled, bool filterByDevice, bool filterByNetwork)
     {
-        var users = _userManager.Users;
+        var users = _userManager.GetUsers();
 
         if (isDisabled.HasValue)
         {

Jellyfin.Data/Jellyfin.Data.csproj

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Data</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/DefaultPasswordResetProvider.cs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                     var resetUser = userManager.GetUserByName(spr.UserName)
                         ?? throw new ResourceNotFoundException($"User with a username of {spr.UserName} not found");
 
-                    await userManager.ChangePassword(resetUser, pin).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    await userManager.ChangePassword(resetUser.Id, pin).ConfigureAwait(false);
                     usersReset.Add(resetUser.Username);
                     File.Delete(resetFile);
                 }

Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/UserManager.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-#pragma warning disable CA1307
+#pragma warning disable RS0030 // Do not use banned APIs
 
 using System;
-using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using AsyncKeyedLock;
 using Jellyfin.Data;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Events;
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
     /// <summary>
     /// Manages the creation and retrieval of <see cref="User"/> instances.
     /// </summary>
-    public partial class UserManager : IUserManager
+    public partial class UserManager : IUserManager, IDisposable
     {
         private readonly IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> _dbProvider;
         private readonly IEventManager _eventManager;
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         private readonly DefaultPasswordResetProvider _defaultPasswordResetProvider;
         private readonly IServerConfigurationManager _serverConfigurationManager;
 
-        private readonly IDictionary<Guid, User> _users;
+        private readonly AsyncKeyedLocker<Guid> _userLock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UserManager"/> class.
@@ -89,29 +90,28 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
             _invalidAuthProvider = _authenticationProviders.OfType<InvalidAuthProvider>().First();
             _defaultAuthenticationProvider = _authenticationProviders.OfType<DefaultAuthenticationProvider>().First();
             _defaultPasswordResetProvider = _passwordResetProviders.OfType<DefaultPasswordResetProvider>().First();
-
-            _users = new ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, User>();
-            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
-            foreach (var user in dbContext.Users
-                .AsSplitQuery()
-                .Include(user => user.Permissions)
-                .Include(user => user.Preferences)
-                .Include(user => user.AccessSchedules)
-                .Include(user => user.ProfileImage)
-                .AsEnumerable())
-            {
-                _users.Add(user.Id, user);
-            }
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public event EventHandler<GenericEventArgs<User>>? OnUserUpdated;
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public IEnumerable<User> Users => _users.Values;
+        public IEnumerable<User> GetUsers()
+        {
+            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
+            return UserQuery(dbContext)
+                .ToArray();
+        }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public IEnumerable<Guid> UsersIds => _users.Keys;
+        public IEnumerable<Guid> GetUsersIds()
+        {
+            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
+            return dbContext.Users
+                .AsNoTracking()
+                .Select(user => user.Id)
+                .ToArray();
+        }
 
         // This is some regex that matches only on unicode "word" characters, as well as -, _ and @
         // In theory this will cut out most if not all 'control' characters which should help minimize any weirdness
@@ -127,8 +127,28 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                 throw new ArgumentException("Guid can't be empty", nameof(id));
             }
 
-            _users.TryGetValue(id, out var user);
+            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
-            return user;
+            return UserQuery(dbContext)
+                .FirstOrDefault(user => user.Id == id);
+        }
+
+        private static IQueryable<User> UserQuery(JellyfinDbContext dbContext)
+        {
+            return dbContext.Users
+                            .AsSingleQuery()
+                            .Include(user => user.Permissions)
+                            .Include(user => user.Preferences)
+                            .Include(user => user.AccessSchedules)
+                            .Include(user => user.ProfileImage)
+                            .AsNoTracking();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public User? GetFirstUser()
+        {
+            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
+            return UserQuery(dbContext)
+                .FirstOrDefault();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -139,42 +159,51 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                 throw new ArgumentException("Invalid username", nameof(name));
             }
 
-            return _users.Values.FirstOrDefault(u => string.Equals(u.Username, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            using var dbContext = _dbProvider.CreateDbContext();
+#pragma warning disable CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
+            return UserQuery(dbContext)
+                .FirstOrDefault(u => u.NormalizedUsername == name.ToUpperInvariant());
+#pragma warning restore CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public async Task RenameUser(User user, string newName)
+        public async Task RenameUser(Guid userId, string oldName, string newName)
         {
-            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(user);
-
             ThrowIfInvalidUsername(newName);
 
-            if (user.Username.Equals(newName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            if (oldName.Equals(newName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 throw new ArgumentException("The new and old names must be different.");
             }
 
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            User user = null!; // user is never actually null where its used afterwards so we can just ignore.
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-#pragma warning disable CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-#pragma warning disable CA1311 // Specify a culture or use an invariant version to avoid implicit dependency on current culture
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
-#pragma warning disable CA1304 // The behavior of 'string.ToUpper()' could vary based on the current user's locale settings
-                if (await dbContext.Users
-                        .AnyAsync(u => u.Username.ToUpper() == newName.ToUpper() && !u.Id.Equals(user.Id))
-                        .ConfigureAwait(false))
                 {
-                    throw new ArgumentException(string.Format(
+#pragma warning disable CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
-                        CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                    if (await dbContext.Users
-                        "A user with the name '{0}' already exists.",
+                            .AnyAsync(u => u.NormalizedUsername == newName.ToUpperInvariant() && u.Id != userId)
-                        newName));
+                            .ConfigureAwait(false))
-                }
+                    {
-#pragma warning restore CA1304 // The behavior of 'string.ToUpper()' could vary based on the current user's locale settings
+                        throw new ArgumentException(string.Format(
-#pragma warning restore CA1311 // Specify a culture or use an invariant version to avoid implicit dependency on current culture
+                            CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                            "A user with the name '{0}' already exists.",
+                            newName));
+                    }
 #pragma warning restore CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
 
-                user.Username = newName;
+                    user = await UserQuery(dbContext)
-                await UpdateUserInternalAsync(dbContext, user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        .AsTracking()
+                        .FirstOrDefaultAsync(u => u.Id == userId)
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false)
+                        ?? throw new ResourceNotFoundException(nameof(userId));
+
+                    user.Username = newName;
+                    user.NormalizedUsername = newName.ToUpperInvariant();
+                    await UpdateUserInternalAsync(dbContext, user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
             }
 
             var eventArgs = new UserUpdatedEventArgs(user);
@@ -185,10 +214,9 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public async Task UpdateUserAsync(User user)
         {
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false))
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                await UpdateUserInternalAsync(dbContext, user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                await UpdateUserInternalAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
         }
 
@@ -218,23 +246,26 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         {
             ThrowIfInvalidUsername(name);
 
-            if (Users.Any(u => u.Username.Equals(name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentException(string.Format(
-                    CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                    "A user with the name '{0}' already exists.",
-                    name));
-            }
-
             User newUser;
             var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
             await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
+#pragma warning disable CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
+                if (await dbContext.Users
+                        .AnyAsync(u => u.NormalizedUsername == name.ToUpperInvariant())
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(string.Format(
+                        CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                        "A user with the name '{0}' already exists.",
+                        name));
+                }
+#pragma warning restore CA1862 // Use the 'StringComparison' method overloads to perform case-insensitive string comparisons
+
                 newUser = await CreateUserInternalAsync(name, dbContext).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
                 dbContext.Users.Add(newUser);
                 await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                _users.Add(newUser.Id, newUser);
             }
 
             await _eventManager.PublishAsync(new UserCreatedEventArgs(newUser)).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -245,62 +276,84 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public async Task DeleteUserAsync(Guid userId)
         {
-            if (!_users.TryGetValue(userId, out var user))
+            User? user;
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                throw new ResourceNotFoundException(nameof(userId));
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+                {
+                    user = await dbContext.Users
+                        .Include(u => u.Permissions)
+                        .FirstOrDefaultAsync(u => u.Id.Equals(userId))
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-            if (_users.Count == 1)
+                    if (user is null)
-            {
+                    {
-                throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(
+                        throw new ResourceNotFoundException(nameof(userId));
-                    CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                    }
-                    "The user '{0}' cannot be deleted because there must be at least one user in the system.",
-                    user.Username));
-            }
 
-            if (user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator)
+                    var userCount = await dbContext.Users.CountAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                && Users.Count(i => i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator)) == 1)
+                    if (userCount == 1)
-            {
+                    {
-                throw new ArgumentException(
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(
-                    string.Format(
+                            CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                        CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                            "The user '{0}' cannot be deleted because there must be at least one user in the system.",
-                        "The user '{0}' cannot be deleted because there must be at least one admin user in the system.",
+                            user.Username));
-                        user.Username),
+                    }
-                    nameof(userId));
-            }
 
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    if (user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator)
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+                        && await dbContext.Users
-            {
+                            .CountAsync(i => i.Permissions.Any(p => p.Kind == PermissionKind.IsAdministrator && p.Value))
-                dbContext.Users.Attach(user);
+                            .ConfigureAwait(false) == 1)
-                dbContext.Users.Remove(user);
+                    {
-                await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        throw new ArgumentException(
-            }
+                            string.Format(
+                                CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                                "The user '{0}' cannot be deleted because there must be at least one admin user in the system.",
+                                user.Username),
+                            nameof(userId));
+                    }
 
-            _users.Remove(userId);
+                    dbContext.Users.Remove(user);
+                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+            }
 
             await _eventManager.PublishAsync(new UserDeletedEventArgs(user)).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public Task ResetPassword(User user)
+        public Task ResetPassword(Guid userId)
         {
-            return ChangePassword(user, string.Empty);
+            return ChangePassword(userId, string.Empty);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public async Task ChangePassword(User user, string newPassword)
+        public async Task ChangePassword(Guid userId, string newPassword)
         {
-            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(user);
+            User dbUser = null!;
-            if (user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(newPassword))
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                throw new ArgumentException("Admin user passwords must not be empty", nameof(newPassword));
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+                {
+                    dbUser = await UserQuery(dbContext)
+                        .AsTracking()
+                        .FirstOrDefaultAsync(u => u.Id == userId)
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false)
+                        ?? throw new ResourceNotFoundException(nameof(userId));
+
+                    if (dbUser.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(newPassword))
+                    {
+                        throw new ArgumentException("Admin user passwords must not be empty", nameof(newPassword));
+                    }
+
+                    await GetAuthenticationProvider(dbUser).ChangePassword(dbUser, newPassword).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
             }
 
-            await GetAuthenticationProvider(user).ChangePassword(user, newPassword).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await _eventManager.PublishAsync(new UserPasswordChangedEventArgs(dbUser)).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            await _eventManager.PublishAsync(new UserPasswordChangedEventArgs(user)).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -403,102 +456,114 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                 throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(username));
             }
 
-            var user = Users.FirstOrDefault(i => string.Equals(username, i.Username, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            bool success;
-            var authResult = await AuthenticateLocalUser(username, password, user)
+            var user = GetUserByName(username);
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(user?.Id ?? Guid.Empty).ConfigureAwait(false))
-            var authenticationProvider = authResult.AuthenticationProvider;
-            var success = authResult.Success;
-
-            if (user is null)
             {
-                string updatedUsername = authResult.Username;
+                // Reload the user now that we hold the lock so the RowVersion is current.
-
+                // GetUserByName uses AsNoTracking and the snapshot may be stale if another
-                if (success
+                // write (e.g. a concurrent login) incremented RowVersion after our initial load.
-                    && authenticationProvider is not null
+                if (user is not null)
-                    && authenticationProvider is not DefaultAuthenticationProvider)
                 {
-                    // Trust the username returned by the authentication provider
+                    user = GetUserById(user.Id) ?? user;
-                    username = updatedUsername;
+                }
 
-                    // Search the database for the user again
+                var authResult = await AuthenticateLocalUser(username, password, user)
-                    // the authentication provider might have created it
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    user = Users.FirstOrDefault(i => string.Equals(username, i.Username, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+                var authenticationProvider = authResult.AuthenticationProvider;
+                success = authResult.Success;
 
-                    if (authenticationProvider is IHasNewUserPolicy hasNewUserPolicy && user is not null)
+                if (user is null)
+                {
+                    string updatedUsername = authResult.Username;
+
+                    if (success
+                        && authenticationProvider is not null
+                        && authenticationProvider is not DefaultAuthenticationProvider)
                     {
-                        await UpdatePolicyAsync(user.Id, hasNewUserPolicy.GetNewUserPolicy()).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        // Trust the username returned by the authentication provider
+                        username = updatedUsername;
+
+                        // Search the database for the user again
+                        // the authentication provider might have created it
+                        user = GetUserByName(username);
+
+                        if (authenticationProvider is IHasNewUserPolicy hasNewUserPolicy && user is not null)
+                        {
+                            await UpdatePolicyAsync(user.Id, hasNewUserPolicy.GetNewUserPolicy()).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-            }
 
-            if (success && user is not null && authenticationProvider is not null)
+                if (success && user is not null && authenticationProvider is not null)
-            {
-                var providerId = authenticationProvider.GetType().FullName;
-
-                if (providerId is not null && !string.Equals(providerId, user.AuthenticationProviderId, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                 {
-                    user.AuthenticationProviderId = providerId;
+                    var providerId = authenticationProvider.GetType().FullName;
-                    await UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                }
-            }
 
-            if (user is null)
+                    if (providerId is not null && !string.Equals(providerId, user.AuthenticationProviderId, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
+                    {
-                _logger.LogInformation(
+                        user.AuthenticationProviderId = providerId;
-                    "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied (IP: {IP}).",
+                        await UpdateUserInternalAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    username,
+                    }
-                    remoteEndPoint);
-                throw new AuthenticationException("Invalid username or password entered.");
-            }
-
-            if (user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled))
-            {
-                _logger.LogInformation(
-                    "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied because this account is currently disabled (IP: {IP}).",
-                    username,
-                    remoteEndPoint);
-                throw new SecurityException(
-                    $"The {user.Username} account is currently disabled. Please consult with your administrator.");
-            }
-
-            if (!user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteAccess) &&
-                !_networkManager.IsInLocalNetwork(remoteEndPoint))
-            {
-                _logger.LogInformation(
-                    "Authentication request for {UserName} forbidden: remote access disabled and user not in local network (IP: {IP}).",
-                    username,
-                    remoteEndPoint);
-                throw new SecurityException("Forbidden.");
-            }
-
-            if (!user.IsParentalScheduleAllowed())
-            {
-                _logger.LogInformation(
-                    "Authentication request for {UserName} is not allowed at this time due parental restrictions (IP: {IP}).",
-                    username,
-                    remoteEndPoint);
-                throw new SecurityException("User is not allowed access at this time.");
-            }
-
-            // Update LastActivityDate and LastLoginDate, then save
-            if (success)
-            {
-                if (isUserSession)
-                {
-                    user.LastActivityDate = user.LastLoginDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
                 }
 
-                user.InvalidLoginAttemptCount = 0;
+                if (user is null)
-                await UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                {
-                _logger.LogInformation("Authentication request for {UserName} has succeeded.", user.Username);
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
-            }
+                        "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied (IP: {IP}).",
-            else
+                        username,
-            {
+                        remoteEndPoint);
-                await IncrementInvalidLoginAttemptCount(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    throw new AuthenticationException("Invalid username or password entered.");
-                _logger.LogInformation(
+                }
-                    "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied (IP: {IP}).",
+
-                    user.Username,
+                if (user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled))
-                    remoteEndPoint);
+                {
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied because this account is currently disabled (IP: {IP}).",
+                        username,
+                        remoteEndPoint);
+                    throw new SecurityException(
+                        $"The {user.Username} account is currently disabled. Please consult with your administrator.");
+                }
+
+                if (!user.HasPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteAccess) &&
+                    !_networkManager.IsInLocalNetwork(remoteEndPoint))
+                {
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Authentication request for {UserName} forbidden: remote access disabled and user not in local network (IP: {IP}).",
+                        username,
+                        remoteEndPoint);
+                    throw new SecurityException("Forbidden.");
+                }
+
+                if (!user.IsParentalScheduleAllowed())
+                {
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Authentication request for {UserName} is not allowed at this time due parental restrictions (IP: {IP}).",
+                        username,
+                        remoteEndPoint);
+                    throw new SecurityException("User is not allowed access at this time.");
+                }
+
+                // Update LastActivityDate and LastLoginDate, then save
+                if (success)
+                {
+                    if (isUserSession)
+                    {
+                        user.LastActivityDate = user.LastLoginDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                    }
+
+                    user.InvalidLoginAttemptCount = 0;
+                    await UpdateUserInternalAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    _logger.LogInformation("Authentication request for {UserName} has succeeded.", user.Username);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    await IncrementInvalidLoginAttemptCount(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    _logger.LogInformation(
+                        "Authentication request for {UserName} has been denied (IP: {IP}).",
+                        user.Username,
+                        remoteEndPoint);
+                }
             }
 
             return success ? user : null;
@@ -542,22 +607,22 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         public async Task InitializeAsync()
         {
             // TODO: Refactor the startup wizard so that it doesn't require a user to already exist.
-            if (_users.Any())
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            var defaultName = Environment.UserName;
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(defaultName) || !ValidUsernameRegex().IsMatch(defaultName))
-            {
-                defaultName = "MyJellyfinUser";
-            }
-
-            _logger.LogWarning("No users, creating one with username {UserName}", defaultName);
-
             var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
             await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
+                if (await dbContext.Users.AnyAsync().ConfigureAwait(false))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                var defaultName = Environment.UserName;
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(defaultName) || !ValidUsernameRegex().IsMatch(defaultName))
+                {
+                    defaultName = "MyJellyfinUser";
+                }
+
+                _logger.LogWarning("No users, creating one with username {UserName}", defaultName);
+
                 var newUser = await CreateUserInternalAsync(defaultName, dbContext).ConfigureAwait(false);
                 newUser.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator, true);
                 newUser.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableContentDeletion, true);
@@ -565,7 +630,6 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
 
                 dbContext.Users.Add(newUser);
                 await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                _users.Add(newUser.Id, newUser);
             }
         }
 
@@ -602,122 +666,120 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public async Task UpdateConfigurationAsync(Guid userId, UserConfiguration config)
         {
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                var user = dbContext.Users
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                               .Include(u => u.Permissions)
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
-                               .Include(u => u.Preferences)
-                               .Include(u => u.AccessSchedules)
-                               .Include(u => u.ProfileImage)
-                               .FirstOrDefault(u => u.Id.Equals(userId))
-                           ?? throw new ArgumentException("No user exists with given Id!");
-
-                user.SubtitleMode = config.SubtitleMode;
-                user.HidePlayedInLatest = config.HidePlayedInLatest;
-                user.EnableLocalPassword = config.EnableLocalPassword;
-                user.PlayDefaultAudioTrack = config.PlayDefaultAudioTrack;
-                user.DisplayCollectionsView = config.DisplayCollectionsView;
-                user.DisplayMissingEpisodes = config.DisplayMissingEpisodes;
-                user.AudioLanguagePreference = config.AudioLanguagePreference;
-                user.RememberAudioSelections = config.RememberAudioSelections;
-                user.EnableNextEpisodeAutoPlay = config.EnableNextEpisodeAutoPlay;
-                user.RememberSubtitleSelections = config.RememberSubtitleSelections;
-                user.SubtitleLanguagePreference = config.SubtitleLanguagePreference;
-
-                // Only set cast receiver id if it is passed in and it exists in the server config.
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(config.CastReceiverId)
-                    && _serverConfigurationManager.Configuration.CastReceiverApplications.Any(c => string.Equals(c.Id, config.CastReceiverId, StringComparison.Ordinal)))
                 {
-                    user.CastReceiverId = config.CastReceiverId;
+                    var user = UserQuery(dbContext)
+                            .AsTracking()
+                            .FirstOrDefault(u => u.Id.Equals(userId))
+                            ?? throw new ArgumentException("No user exists with given Id!");
+
+                    user.SubtitleMode = config.SubtitleMode;
+                    user.HidePlayedInLatest = config.HidePlayedInLatest;
+                    user.EnableLocalPassword = config.EnableLocalPassword;
+                    user.PlayDefaultAudioTrack = config.PlayDefaultAudioTrack;
+                    user.DisplayCollectionsView = config.DisplayCollectionsView;
+                    user.DisplayMissingEpisodes = config.DisplayMissingEpisodes;
+                    user.AudioLanguagePreference = config.AudioLanguagePreference;
+                    user.RememberAudioSelections = config.RememberAudioSelections;
+                    user.EnableNextEpisodeAutoPlay = config.EnableNextEpisodeAutoPlay;
+                    user.RememberSubtitleSelections = config.RememberSubtitleSelections;
+                    user.SubtitleLanguagePreference = config.SubtitleLanguagePreference;
+
+                    // Only set cast receiver id if it is passed in and it exists in the server config.
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(config.CastReceiverId)
+                        && _serverConfigurationManager.Configuration.CastReceiverApplications.Any(c => string.Equals(c.Id, config.CastReceiverId, StringComparison.Ordinal)))
+                    {
+                        user.CastReceiverId = config.CastReceiverId;
+                    }
+
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.OrderedViews, config.OrderedViews);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.GroupedFolders, config.GroupedFolders);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.MyMediaExcludes, config.MyMediaExcludes);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.LatestItemExcludes, config.LatestItemsExcludes);
+
+                    dbContext.Update(user);
+                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
-
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.OrderedViews, config.OrderedViews);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.GroupedFolders, config.GroupedFolders);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.MyMediaExcludes, config.MyMediaExcludes);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.LatestItemExcludes, config.LatestItemsExcludes);
-
-                dbContext.Update(user);
-                _users[user.Id] = user;
-                await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public async Task UpdatePolicyAsync(Guid userId, UserPolicy policy)
         {
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                var user = dbContext.Users
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                               .Include(u => u.Permissions)
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
-                               .Include(u => u.Preferences)
-                               .Include(u => u.AccessSchedules)
-                               .Include(u => u.ProfileImage)
-                               .FirstOrDefault(u => u.Id.Equals(userId))
-                           ?? throw new ArgumentException("No user exists with given Id!");
-
-                // The default number of login attempts is 3, but for some god forsaken reason it's sent to the server as "0"
-                int? maxLoginAttempts = policy.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout switch
                 {
-                    -1 => null,
+                    var user = UserQuery(dbContext)
-                    0 => 3,
+                        .AsTracking()
-                    _ => policy.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout
+                        .FirstOrDefault(u => u.Id.Equals(userId))
-                };
+                        ?? throw new ArgumentException("No user exists with given Id!");
 
-                user.MaxParentalRatingScore = policy.MaxParentalRating;
+                    // The default number of login attempts is 3, but for some god forsaken reason it's sent to the server as "0"
-                user.MaxParentalRatingSubScore = policy.MaxParentalSubRating;
+                    int? maxLoginAttempts = policy.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout switch
-                user.EnableUserPreferenceAccess = policy.EnableUserPreferenceAccess;
+                    {
-                user.RemoteClientBitrateLimit = policy.RemoteClientBitrateLimit;
+                        -1 => null,
-                user.AuthenticationProviderId = policy.AuthenticationProviderId;
+                        0 => 3,
-                user.PasswordResetProviderId = policy.PasswordResetProviderId;
+                        _ => policy.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout
-                user.InvalidLoginAttemptCount = policy.InvalidLoginAttemptCount;
+                    };
-                user.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout = maxLoginAttempts;
-                user.MaxActiveSessions = policy.MaxActiveSessions;
-                user.SyncPlayAccess = policy.SyncPlayAccess;
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator, policy.IsAdministrator);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsHidden, policy.IsHidden);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled, policy.IsDisabled);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSharedDeviceControl, policy.EnableSharedDeviceControl);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteAccess, policy.EnableRemoteAccess);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLiveTvManagement, policy.EnableLiveTvManagement);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLiveTvAccess, policy.EnableLiveTvAccess);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableMediaPlayback, policy.EnableMediaPlayback);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAudioPlaybackTranscoding, policy.EnableAudioPlaybackTranscoding);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableVideoPlaybackTranscoding, policy.EnableVideoPlaybackTranscoding);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableContentDeletion, policy.EnableContentDeletion);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableContentDownloading, policy.EnableContentDownloading);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSyncTranscoding, policy.EnableSyncTranscoding);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableMediaConversion, policy.EnableMediaConversion);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllChannels, policy.EnableAllChannels);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllDevices, policy.EnableAllDevices);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllFolders, policy.EnableAllFolders);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteControlOfOtherUsers, policy.EnableRemoteControlOfOtherUsers);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnablePlaybackRemuxing, policy.EnablePlaybackRemuxing);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableCollectionManagement, policy.EnableCollectionManagement);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSubtitleManagement, policy.EnableSubtitleManagement);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLyricManagement, policy.EnableLyricManagement);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.ForceRemoteSourceTranscoding, policy.ForceRemoteSourceTranscoding);
-                user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnablePublicSharing, policy.EnablePublicSharing);
 
-                user.AccessSchedules.Clear();
+                    user.MaxParentalRatingScore = policy.MaxParentalRating;
-                foreach (var policyAccessSchedule in policy.AccessSchedules)
+                    user.MaxParentalRatingSubScore = policy.MaxParentalSubRating;
-                {
+                    user.EnableUserPreferenceAccess = policy.EnableUserPreferenceAccess;
-                    user.AccessSchedules.Add(policyAccessSchedule);
+                    user.RemoteClientBitrateLimit = policy.RemoteClientBitrateLimit;
+                    user.AuthenticationProviderId = policy.AuthenticationProviderId;
+                    user.PasswordResetProviderId = policy.PasswordResetProviderId;
+                    user.InvalidLoginAttemptCount = policy.InvalidLoginAttemptCount;
+                    user.LoginAttemptsBeforeLockout = maxLoginAttempts;
+                    user.MaxActiveSessions = policy.MaxActiveSessions;
+                    user.SyncPlayAccess = policy.SyncPlayAccess;
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsAdministrator, policy.IsAdministrator);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsHidden, policy.IsHidden);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.IsDisabled, policy.IsDisabled);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSharedDeviceControl, policy.EnableSharedDeviceControl);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteAccess, policy.EnableRemoteAccess);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLiveTvManagement, policy.EnableLiveTvManagement);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLiveTvAccess, policy.EnableLiveTvAccess);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableMediaPlayback, policy.EnableMediaPlayback);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAudioPlaybackTranscoding, policy.EnableAudioPlaybackTranscoding);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableVideoPlaybackTranscoding, policy.EnableVideoPlaybackTranscoding);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableContentDeletion, policy.EnableContentDeletion);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableContentDownloading, policy.EnableContentDownloading);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSyncTranscoding, policy.EnableSyncTranscoding);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableMediaConversion, policy.EnableMediaConversion);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllChannels, policy.EnableAllChannels);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllDevices, policy.EnableAllDevices);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableAllFolders, policy.EnableAllFolders);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableRemoteControlOfOtherUsers, policy.EnableRemoteControlOfOtherUsers);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnablePlaybackRemuxing, policy.EnablePlaybackRemuxing);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableCollectionManagement, policy.EnableCollectionManagement);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableSubtitleManagement, policy.EnableSubtitleManagement);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLyricManagement, policy.EnableLyricManagement);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.ForceRemoteSourceTranscoding, policy.ForceRemoteSourceTranscoding);
+                    user.SetPermission(PermissionKind.EnablePublicSharing, policy.EnablePublicSharing);
+
+                    user.AccessSchedules.Clear();
+                    foreach (var policyAccessSchedule in policy.AccessSchedules)
+                    {
+                        user.AccessSchedules.Add(policyAccessSchedule);
+                    }
+
+                    // TODO: fix this at some point
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.BlockUnratedItems, policy.BlockUnratedItems ?? Array.Empty<UnratedItem>());
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.BlockedTags, policy.BlockedTags);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.AllowedTags, policy.AllowedTags);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledChannels, policy.EnabledChannels);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledDevices, policy.EnabledDevices);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledFolders, policy.EnabledFolders);
+                    user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnableContentDeletionFromFolders, policy.EnableContentDeletionFromFolders);
+
+                    dbContext.Update(user);
+                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
-
-                // TODO: fix this at some point
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.BlockUnratedItems, policy.BlockUnratedItems ?? Array.Empty<UnratedItem>());
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.BlockedTags, policy.BlockedTags);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.AllowedTags, policy.AllowedTags);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledChannels, policy.EnabledChannels);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledDevices, policy.EnabledDevices);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnabledFolders, policy.EnabledFolders);
-                user.SetPreference(PreferenceKind.EnableContentDeletionFromFolders, policy.EnableContentDeletionFromFolders);
-
-                dbContext.Update(user);
-                _users[user.Id] = user;
-                await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
             }
         }
 
@@ -729,15 +791,17 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                 return;
             }
 
-            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            using (await _userLock.LockAsync(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false))
-            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                dbContext.Remove(user.ProfileImage);
+                var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
-            }
+                {
+                    dbContext.Remove(user.ProfileImage);
+                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
 
-            user.ProfileImage = null;
+                user.ProfileImage = null;
-            _users[user.Id] = user;
+            }
         }
 
         internal static void ThrowIfInvalidUsername(string name)
@@ -883,15 +947,42 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                     user.InvalidLoginAttemptCount);
             }
 
-            await UpdateUserAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await UpdateUserInternalAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        private async Task UpdateUserInternalAsync(User user)
+        {
+            var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+            {
+                await UpdateUserInternalAsync(dbContext, user).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
         }
 
         private async Task UpdateUserInternalAsync(JellyfinDbContext dbContext, User user)
         {
             dbContext.Users.Attach(user);
             dbContext.Entry(user).State = EntityState.Modified;
-            _users[user.Id] = user;
             await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Disposes all members of this class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="disposing">Defines if the class has been cleaned up by a dispose or finalizer.</param>
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _userLock.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/Routines/20260522092304_UpdateNormalizedUsername.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Migrations.Routines;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Part 2 Migration for NormalisedUsername.
+/// </summary>
+[JellyfinMigration("2026-05-22T09:23:04", nameof(UpdateNormalizedUsername), Stage = Stages.JellyfinMigrationStageTypes.CoreInitialisation)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1649 // File name should match first type name
+public class UpdateNormalizedUsername : IAsyncMigrationRoutine
+#pragma warning restore SA1649 // File name should match first type name
+{
+    private readonly IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> _contextFactory;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UpdateNormalizedUsername"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="contextFactory">Db Context factory.</param>
+    public UpdateNormalizedUsername(IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext> contextFactory)
+    {
+        _contextFactory = contextFactory;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public async Task PerformAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var dbContext = await _contextFactory.CreateDbContextAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
+        {
+            var users = await dbContext.Users.ToListAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            foreach (var user in users)
+            {
+                user.NormalizedUsername = user.Username.ToUpperInvariant();
+            }
+
+            await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+}

Jellyfin.Server/Migrations/Routines/MoveExtractedFiles.cs

@@ -181,7 +181,9 @@ public class MoveExtractedFiles : IAsyncMigrationRoutine
                 }
             }
 
-            var newAttachmentPath = _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(itemIdString, attachment.Filename ?? attachmentIndex.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+            var attachmentIndexName = attachmentIndex.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+            var newAttachmentPath = _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(itemIdString, attachment.Filename ?? attachmentIndexName)
+                                     ?? _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(itemIdString, attachmentIndexName)!;
             if (File.Exists(newAttachmentPath))
             {
                 File.Delete(oldAttachmentPath);

MediaBrowser.Common/MediaBrowser.Common.csproj

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Common</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

MediaBrowser.Controller/ClientEvent/ClientEventLogger.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.ClientEvent
 {
@@ -21,8 +22,15 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.ClientEvent
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public async Task<string> WriteDocumentAsync(string clientName, string clientVersion, Stream fileContents)
         {
-            var fileName = $"upload_{clientName}_{clientVersion}_{DateTime.UtcNow:yyyyMMddHHmmss}_{Guid.NewGuid():N}.log";
+            var safeClientName = PathHelper.GetSafeLeafFileName(clientName) ?? "unknown-client";
+            var safeClientVersion = PathHelper.GetSafeLeafFileName(clientVersion) ?? "unknown-version";
+            var fileName = $"upload_{safeClientName}_{safeClientVersion}_{DateTime.UtcNow:yyyyMMddHHmmss}_{Guid.NewGuid():N}.log";
             var logFilePath = Path.Combine(_applicationPaths.LogDirectoryPath, fileName);
+            if (!PathHelper.IsContainedIn(_applicationPaths.LogDirectoryPath, logFilePath))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Path resolved to filename not in log directory");
+            }
+
             var fileStream = new FileStream(logFilePath, FileMode.CreateNew, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None);
             await using (fileStream.ConfigureAwait(false))
             {

MediaBrowser.Controller/IO/IPathManager.cs

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ public interface IPathManager
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="mediaSourceId">The media source id.</param>
     /// <param name="fileName">The attachmentFileName index.</param>
-    /// <returns>The absolute path.</returns>
+    /// <returns>The absolute path, or <c>null</c> if <paramref name="fileName"/> cannot be reduced to a safe leaf name.</returns>
-    public string GetAttachmentPath(string mediaSourceId, string fileName);
+    public string? GetAttachmentPath(string mediaSourceId, string fileName);
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the path to the attachment folder.

MediaBrowser.Controller/Library/IUserManager.cs

@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the users.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <value>The users.</value>
+        /// <returns>The users.</returns>
-        IEnumerable<User> Users { get; }
+        IEnumerable<User> GetUsers();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the user ids.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <value>The users ids.</value>
+        /// <returns>The users ids.</returns>
-        IEnumerable<Guid> UsersIds { get; }
+        IEnumerable<Guid> GetUsersIds();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes the user manager and ensures that a user exists.
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"><c>id</c> is an empty Guid.</exception>
         User? GetUserById(Guid id);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the first available user.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The first user, or <c>null</c> if no users exist.</returns>
+        User? GetFirstUser();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the name of the user by.
         /// </summary>
@@ -57,12 +63,13 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <summary>
         /// Renames the user.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="user">The user.</param>
+        /// <param name="userId">The UserId to change.</param>
+        /// <param name="oldName">The old Username.</param>
         /// <param name="newName">The new name.</param>
         /// <returns>Task.</returns>
         /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">If user is <c>null</c>.</exception>
         /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">If the provided user doesn't exist.</exception>
-        Task RenameUser(User user, string newName);
+        Task RenameUser(Guid userId, string oldName, string newName);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Updates the user.
@@ -92,17 +99,17 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Library
         /// <summary>
         /// Resets the password.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="user">The user.</param>
+        /// <param name="userId">The users Id.</param>
         /// <returns>Task.</returns>
-        Task ResetPassword(User user);
+        Task ResetPassword(Guid userId);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Changes the password.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="user">The user.</param>
+        /// <param name="userId">The users id.</param>
         /// <param name="newPassword">New password to use.</param>
         /// <returns>Awaitable task.</returns>
-        Task ChangePassword(User user, string newPassword);
+        Task ChangePassword(Guid userId, string newPassword);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the user dto.

MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaBrowser.Controller.csproj

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Controller</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs

@@ -413,7 +413,9 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
             }
 
             return state.VideoStream.VideoRange == VideoRange.HDR
-                   && IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(state.VideoStream);
+                   && (state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HDR10
+                       || IsHdr10Plus(state.VideoStream)
+                       || IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(state.VideoStream));
         }
 
         private bool IsVideoToolboxTonemapAvailable(EncodingJobInfo state, EncodingOptions options)
@@ -428,8 +430,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
             // Certain DV profile 5 video works in Safari with direct playing, but the VideoToolBox does not produce correct mapping results with transcoding.
             // All other HDR formats working.
             return state.VideoStream.VideoRange == VideoRange.HDR
-                   && (IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(state.VideoStream)
+                   && (state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HDR10
-                       || state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType is VideoRangeType.HLG);
+                       || IsHdr10Plus(state.VideoStream)
+                       || IsDoviWithHdr10Bl(state.VideoStream)
+                       || state.VideoStream.VideoRangeType == VideoRangeType.HLG);
         }
 
         private bool IsVideoStreamHevcRext(EncodingJobInfo state)
@@ -1301,7 +1305,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                     arg.Append(canvasArgs);
                 }
 
-                arg.Append(" -i file:\"").Append(subtitlePath).Append('\"');
+                arg.Append(" -i file:\"").Append(subtitlePath.Replace("\"", "\\\"", StringComparison.Ordinal)).Append('\"');
             }
 
             if (state.AudioStream is not null && state.AudioStream.IsExternal)
@@ -1313,7 +1317,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                     arg.Append(' ').Append(seekAudioParam);
                 }
 
-                arg.Append(" -i \"").Append(state.AudioStream.Path).Append('"');
+                arg.Append(" -i \"").Append(state.AudioStream.Path.Replace("\"", "\\\"", StringComparison.Ordinal)).Append('"');
             }
 
             // Disable auto inserted SW scaler for HW decoders in case of changed resolution.
@@ -1574,14 +1578,15 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
 
             int bitrate = state.OutputVideoBitrate.Value;
 
-            // Bit rate under 1000k is not allowed in h264_qsv
+            // Bit rate under 1000k is not allowed in h264_qsv.
             if (string.Equals(videoCodec, "h264_qsv", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 bitrate = Math.Max(bitrate, 1000);
             }
 
-            // Currently use the same buffer size for all encoders
+            // Currently use the same buffer size for all non-QSV encoders.
-            int bufsize = bitrate * 2;
+            // Use long arithmetic to prevent int32 overflow for very high bitrate values.
+            int bufsize = (int)Math.Min((long)bitrate * 2, int.MaxValue);
 
             if (string.Equals(videoCodec, "libsvtav1", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
@@ -1609,16 +1614,33 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                     mbbrcOpt = " -mbbrc 1";
                 }
 
+                // Some less powerful H.264 HW decoders require strict CPB size
+                // So bufsize optimizations should not be applied to them
+                int factor = 2;
+                var codec = state.ActualOutputVideoCodec;
+                var level = state.GetRequestedLevel(codec);
+                if (string.Equals(codec, "h264", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    && double.TryParse(level, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double requestedLevel)
+                    && requestedLevel < 51)
+                {
+                    factor = 1;
+                }
+
                 // Set (maxrate == bitrate + 1) to trigger VBR for better bitrate allocation
                 // Set (rc_init_occupancy == 2 * bitrate) and (bufsize == 4 * bitrate) to deal with drastic scene changes
-                return FormattableString.Invariant($"{mbbrcOpt} -b:v {bitrate} -maxrate {bitrate + 1} -rc_init_occupancy {bitrate * 2} -bufsize {bitrate * 4}");
+                // Use long arithmetic and clamp to int.MaxValue to prevent int32 overflow
+                // (e.g. bitrate * 4 wraps to a negative value for bitrates above ~537 million)
+                int qsvMaxrate = (int)Math.Min((long)bitrate + 1, int.MaxValue);
+                int qsvInitOcc = (int)Math.Min((long)bitrate * 1 * factor, int.MaxValue);
+                int qsvBufsize = (int)Math.Min((long)bitrate * 2 * factor, int.MaxValue);
+
+                return FormattableString.Invariant($"{mbbrcOpt} -b:v {bitrate} -maxrate {qsvMaxrate} -rc_init_occupancy {qsvInitOcc} -bufsize {qsvBufsize}");
             }
 
             if (string.Equals(videoCodec, "h264_amf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                || string.Equals(videoCodec, "hevc_amf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                || string.Equals(videoCodec, "hevc_amf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                || string.Equals(videoCodec, "av1_amf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                // Override the too high default qmin 18 in transcoding preset
+                // Override the too high default qmin 18 in transcoding preset in legacy h26x_amf
                 return FormattableString.Invariant($" -rc cbr -qmin 0 -qmax 32 -b:v {bitrate} -maxrate {bitrate} -bufsize {bufsize}");
             }
 

MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Attachments/AttachmentExtractor.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using AsyncKeyedLock;
+using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Extensions;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
@@ -98,9 +99,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Attachments
             MediaSourceInfo mediaSource,
             CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
-            var shouldExtractOneByOne = mediaSource.MediaAttachments.Any(a => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(a.FileName)
+            var hasUnsafeFileName = mediaSource.MediaAttachments.Any(a => !IsSafeBulkAttachmentFileName(a.FileName));
-                                                                              && (a.FileName.Contains('/', StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) || a.FileName.Contains('\\', StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)));
+            var isMatroskaSubtitles = inputFile.EndsWith(".mks", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-            if (shouldExtractOneByOne && !inputFile.EndsWith(".mks", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (hasUnsafeFileName && isMatroskaSubtitles)
+            {
+                _logger.LogError(
+                    "Refusing attachment extraction for .mks input {InputFile}: an attachment FileName tag is not a safe leaf name.",
+                    inputFile);
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                    string.Format(
+                        CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                        "Refusing attachment extraction for .mks input {0}: unsafe attachment FileName tag.",
+                        inputFile));
+            }
+
+            if (hasUnsafeFileName)
             {
                 foreach (var attachment in mediaSource.MediaAttachments)
                 {
@@ -241,7 +254,9 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Attachments
             var attachmentFolderPath = _pathManager.GetAttachmentFolderPath(mediaSource.Id);
             using (await _semaphoreLocks.LockAsync(attachmentFolderPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false))
             {
-                var attachmentPath = _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(mediaSource.Id, mediaAttachment.FileName ?? mediaAttachment.Index.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+                var indexName = mediaAttachment.Index.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                var attachmentPath = _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(mediaSource.Id, mediaAttachment.FileName ?? indexName)
+                                     ?? _pathManager.GetAttachmentPath(mediaSource.Id, indexName)!;
                 if (!File.Exists(attachmentPath))
                 {
                     await ExtractAttachmentInternal(
@@ -341,6 +356,27 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Attachments
             _logger.LogInformation("ffmpeg attachment extraction completed for {InputPath} to {OutputPath}", inputPath, outputPath);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Decides whether an attachment FILENAME tag is safe to feed into ffmpeg's
+        /// bulk <c>-dump_attachment:t ""</c> mode, which writes each attachment using
+        /// its filename tag verbatim relative to the working directory. Anything that
+        /// could escape the working directory - path separators, "..", or empty
+        /// leaves - is rerouted to the one-by-one path where the filename is
+        /// sanitised via <see cref="IPathManager.GetAttachmentPath"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static bool IsSafeBulkAttachmentFileName(string? fileName)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileName))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // PathHelper.GetSafeLeafFileName collapses to the leaf component;
+            // the bulk path is only safe when the supplied name already _was_
+            // that leaf (no separators, no "."/"..").
+            return PathHelper.GetSafeLeafFileName(fileName) == fileName;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public void Dispose()
         {

MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.IO;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
+using MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                     CreateNoWindow = true,
                     UseShellExecute = false,
                     FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
-                    Arguments = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0} -i \"{1}\" -c:s srt \"{2}\"", encodingParam, inputPath, outputPath),
+                    Arguments = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0} -i \"{1}\" -c:s srt \"{2}\"", encodingParam, EncodingUtils.NormalizePath(inputPath), EncodingUtils.NormalizePath(outputPath)),
                     WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
                     ErrorDialog = false
                 },

MediaBrowser.Model/MediaBrowser.Model.csproj

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Model</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

MediaBrowser.Providers/Lyric/LyricManager.cs

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
             {
                 var mediaFolderPath = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(audio.ContainingFolderPath, saveFileName));
                 // TODO: Add some error handling to the API user: return BadRequest("Could not save lyric, bad path.");
-                if (mediaFolderPath.StartsWith(audio.ContainingFolderPath, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                if (PathHelper.IsContainedIn(audio.ContainingFolderPath, mediaFolderPath))
                 {
                     savePaths.Add(mediaFolderPath);
                 }
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ public class LyricManager : ILyricManager
             var internalPath = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(audio.GetInternalMetadataPath(), saveFileName));
 
             // TODO: Add some error to the user: return BadRequest("Could not save lyric, bad path.");
-            if (internalPath.StartsWith(audio.GetInternalMetadataPath(), StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            if (PathHelper.IsContainedIn(audio.GetInternalMetadataPath(), internalPath))
             {
                 savePaths.Add(internalPath);
             }

SharedVersion.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 using System.Reflection;
 
-[assembly: AssemblyVersion("10.11.8")]
+[assembly: AssemblyVersion("10.11.10")]
-[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("10.11.8")]
+[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("10.11.10")]

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Implementations/Entities/User.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities
             ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty(passwordResetProviderId);
 
             Username = username;
+            NormalizedUsername = username.ToUpperInvariant();
             AuthenticationProviderId = authenticationProviderId;
             PasswordResetProviderId = passwordResetProviderId;
 
@@ -73,6 +74,16 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities
         [StringLength(255)]
         public string Username { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the user's normalized name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Required, Max length = 255.
+        /// </remarks>
+        [MaxLength(255)]
+        [StringLength(255)]
+        public string NormalizedUsername { get; set; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the user's password, or <c>null</c> if none is set.
         /// </summary>

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Implementations/JellyfinDbContext.cs

@@ -268,6 +268,11 @@ public class JellyfinDbContext(DbContextOptions<JellyfinDbContext> options, ILog
             }).ConfigureAwait(false);
             return result;
         }
+        catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
+        {
+            // a concurrency exception is supposed to be always handled by the invoker of the method, logging it here is only causing log bloat.
+            throw;
+        }
         catch (Exception e)
         {
             logger.LogError(e, "Error trying to save changes.");
@@ -289,6 +294,11 @@ public class JellyfinDbContext(DbContextOptions<JellyfinDbContext> options, ILog
             });
             return result;
         }
+        catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
+        {
+            // a concurrency exception is supposed to be always handled by the invoker of the method, logging it here is only causing log bloat.
+            throw;
+        }
         catch (Exception e)
         {
             logger.LogError(e, "Error trying to save changes.");

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Implementations/ModelConfiguration/UserConfiguration.cs

@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.ModelConfiguration
             builder
                 .HasIndex(entity => entity.Username)
                 .IsUnique();
+
+            builder
+                .HasIndex(entity => entity.NormalizedUsername)
+                .IsUnique();
         }
     }
 }

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite/Migrations/20260522092303_AddNormalizedUsername.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
+
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Migrations
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public partial class AddNormalizedUsername : Migration
+    {
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            // this is the first part of the migration. Add the column.
+            migrationBuilder.AddColumn<string>(
+                name: "NormalizedUsername",
+                table: "Users",
+                type: "TEXT",
+                maxLength: 255,
+                nullable: false,
+                defaultValue: string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Down(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.DropColumn(
+                name: "NormalizedUsername",
+                table: "Users");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite/Migrations/20260524120336_AddUniqueNormalizedUsernameIndex.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
+
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Migrations
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public partial class AddUniqueNormalizedUsernameIndex : Migration
+    {
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.CreateIndex(
+                name: "IX_Users_NormalizedUsername",
+                table: "Users",
+                column: "NormalizedUsername",
+                unique: true);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Down(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.DropIndex(
+                name: "IX_Users_NormalizedUsername",
+                table: "Users");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Jellyfin.Database/Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite/Migrations/JellyfinDbModelSnapshot.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Migrations
         protected override void BuildModel(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
         {
 #pragma warning disable 612, 618
-            modelBuilder.HasAnnotation("ProductVersion", "9.0.9");
+            modelBuilder.HasAnnotation("ProductVersion", "9.0.11");
 
             modelBuilder.Entity("Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities.AccessSchedule", b =>
                 {
@@ -1303,6 +1303,11 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Migrations
                     b.Property<bool>("MustUpdatePassword")
                         .HasColumnType("INTEGER");
 
+                    b.Property<string>("NormalizedUsername")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasMaxLength(255)
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT");
+
                     b.Property<string>("Password")
                         .HasMaxLength(65535)
                         .HasColumnType("TEXT");
@@ -1345,6 +1350,9 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Migrations
 
                     b.HasKey("Id");
 
+                    b.HasIndex("NormalizedUsername")
+                        .IsUnique();
+
                     b.HasIndex("Username")
                         .IsUnique();
 

src/Jellyfin.Extensions/Jellyfin.Extensions.csproj

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Authors>Jellyfin Contributors</Authors>
     <PackageId>Jellyfin.Extensions</PackageId>
-    <VersionPrefix>10.11.8</VersionPrefix>
+    <VersionPrefix>10.11.10</VersionPrefix>
     <RepositoryUrl>https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin</RepositoryUrl>
     <PackageLicenseExpression>GPL-3.0-only</PackageLicenseExpression>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/Jellyfin.Extensions/PathHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Extensions;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Helpers for safely composing filesystem paths from untrusted input.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <see cref="Path.Combine(string, string)"/> has two issues that matter in
+/// any code that joins a trusted directory with an externally-supplied name:
+/// it neither normalises <c>..</c> nor rejects a rooted second argument
+/// (a rooted second arg silently discards the first). Use the helpers below
+/// any time the name comes from media metadata, request input, archive
+/// entries, or any other channel that can be influenced by a third party.
+/// </remarks>
+public static class PathHelper
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reduces a possibly-untrusted file name to a safe leaf-only name with no
+    /// directory components.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="fileName">The candidate file name.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// The leaf component of <paramref name="fileName"/>, or <c>null</c> if
+    /// the input has no usable leaf (empty, <c>.</c>, or <c>..</c>).
+    /// </returns>
+    public static string? GetSafeLeafFileName(string? fileName)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileName))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var leaf = Path.GetFileName(fileName);
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(leaf) || leaf == "." || leaf == "..")
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return leaf;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns whether <paramref name="candidate"/> resolves to a path that
+    /// equals or is contained inside <paramref name="root"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="root">The directory the candidate must remain inside.</param>
+    /// <param name="candidate">The candidate absolute or relative path.</param>
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the candidate is inside or equal to root; otherwise <c>false</c>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Both arguments are resolved via <see cref="Path.GetFullPath(string)"/>
+    /// so <c>..</c> segments are collapsed before the comparison. The root is
+    /// compared with a trailing directory separator to prevent prefix
+    /// collisions (e.g. <c>/var/data</c> must not be accepted as a parent of
+    /// <c>/var/dataset</c>).
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static bool IsContainedIn(string root, string candidate)
+    {
+        ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty(root);
+        ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty(candidate);
+
+        var fullRoot = Path.GetFullPath(root);
+        var fullCandidate = Path.GetFullPath(candidate);
+
+        if (string.Equals(fullCandidate, fullRoot, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        var rootWithSep = fullRoot.EndsWith(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)
+            ? fullRoot
+            : fullRoot + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
+
+        return fullCandidate.StartsWith(rootWithSep, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+    }
+}

src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/LiveTvManager.cs

@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv
             {
                 Services = services,
                 IsEnabled = services.Length > 0,
-                EnabledUsers = _userManager.Users
+                EnabledUsers = _userManager.GetUsers()
                     .Where(IsLiveTvEnabled)
                     .Select(i => i.Id.ToString("N", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
                     .ToArray()
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv
 
         public IEnumerable<User> GetEnabledUsers()
         {
-            return _userManager.Users
+            return _userManager.GetUsers()
                 .Where(IsLiveTvEnabled);
         }
 

src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Recordings/RecordingNotifier.cs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Recordings
 
         private async Task SendMessage(SessionMessageType name, TimerEventInfo info)
         {
-            var users = _userManager.Users
+            var users = _userManager.GetUsers()
                 .Where(i => i.HasPermission(PermissionKind.EnableLiveTvAccess))
                 .Select(i => i.Id)
                 .ToList();

tests/Jellyfin.Controller.Tests/ClientEventLoggerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.ClientEvent;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Controller.Tests
+{
+    public class ClientEventLoggerTests
+    {
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("../../../../etc/passwd", "1.0")]
+        [InlineData("..\\..\\windows\\system32", "1.0")]
+        [InlineData("normal-client", "../../../etc/passwd")]
+        [InlineData("/absolute/path", "1.0")]
+        public async Task WriteDocumentAsync_TraversalInput_StaysInsideLogDirectory(string clientName, string clientVersion)
+        {
+            var logDir = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "jellyfin-clientlog-test-" + Path.GetRandomFileName());
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(logDir);
+            try
+            {
+                var paths = new Mock<IServerApplicationPaths>();
+                paths.Setup(p => p.LogDirectoryPath).Returns(logDir);
+
+                var logger = new ClientEventLogger(paths.Object);
+                using var contents = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("payload"));
+
+                var fileName = await logger.WriteDocumentAsync(clientName, clientVersion, contents);
+
+                var resolved = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(logDir, fileName));
+                var rootWithSep = Path.GetFullPath(logDir) + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
+                Assert.StartsWith(rootWithSep, resolved, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                Assert.True(File.Exists(resolved));
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(logDir, recursive: true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Users/UserManagerNormalizedUsernameTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Locking;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite;
+using Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users;
+using MediaBrowser.Common;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Net;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Authentication;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Drawing;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Events;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Cryptography;
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Users
+{
+    public sealed class UserManagerNormalizedUsernameTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly SqliteConnection _connection;
+        private readonly DbContextOptions<JellyfinDbContext> _dbOptions;
+        private readonly UserManager _userManager;
+
+        public UserManagerNormalizedUsernameTests()
+        {
+            _connection = new SqliteConnection("Data Source=:memory:");
+            _connection.Open();
+
+            _dbOptions = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<JellyfinDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlite(_connection)
+                .Options;
+
+            // Create the schema
+            using var ctx = CreateDbContext();
+            ctx.Database.EnsureCreated();
+
+            var factory = new Mock<IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext>>();
+            factory.Setup(f => f.CreateDbContext()).Returns(CreateDbContext);
+            factory.Setup(f => f.CreateDbContextAsync(It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync(CreateDbContext);
+
+            var cryptoProvider = new Mock<ICryptoProvider>();
+            var configManager = new Mock<IServerConfigurationManager>();
+            var appPaths = new Mock<IServerApplicationPaths>();
+            appPaths.Setup(x => x.ProgramDataPath).Returns(Path.GetTempPath());
+            configManager.Setup(x => x.ApplicationPaths).Returns(appPaths.Object);
+
+            var appHost = new Mock<IApplicationHost>();
+
+            var defaultAuthProvider = new DefaultAuthenticationProvider(
+                NullLogger<DefaultAuthenticationProvider>.Instance,
+                cryptoProvider.Object);
+            var invalidAuthProvider = new InvalidAuthProvider();
+            var defaultPasswordResetProvider = new DefaultPasswordResetProvider(
+                configManager.Object,
+                appHost.Object);
+
+            _userManager = new UserManager(
+                factory.Object,
+                new NoopEventManager(),
+                new Mock<INetworkManager>().Object,
+                appHost.Object,
+                new Mock<IImageProcessor>().Object,
+                NullLogger<UserManager>.Instance,
+                configManager.Object,
+                new IPasswordResetProvider[] { defaultPasswordResetProvider },
+                new IAuthenticationProvider[] { defaultAuthProvider, invalidAuthProvider });
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _userManager.Dispose();
+            _connection.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private JellyfinDbContext CreateDbContext()
+        {
+            return new JellyfinDbContext(
+                _dbOptions,
+                NullLogger<JellyfinDbContext>.Instance,
+                new SqliteDatabaseProvider(null!, NullLogger<SqliteDatabaseProvider>.Instance),
+                new NoLockBehavior(NullLogger<NoLockBehavior>.Instance));
+        }
+
+        // ----- GetUserByName tests -----
+
+        [Theory]
+        // German umlauts
+        [InlineData("münchen", "MÜNCHEN")]
+        // Spanish tilde-n
+        [InlineData("Ñoño", "ÑOÑO")]
+        // ASCII, invariant uppercase lookup
+        [InlineData("jellyfin", "JELLYFIN")]
+        // Turkish cedilla: invariant 'i' uppercases to 'I' (U+0049), not Turkish 'İ' (U+0130)
+        [InlineData("Çelebi", "ÇELEBI")]
+        public async Task GetUserByName_WithNonAsciiUsername_FindsUserByNormalizedName(
+            string username, string normalizedLookup)
+        {
+            await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(username);
+
+            var found = _userManager.GetUserByName(normalizedLookup);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(found);
+            Assert.Equal(username, found.Username);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        // German umlaut, look up by both upper and lower case
+        [InlineData("münchen")]
+        // Spanish tilde-n
+        [InlineData("Ñoño")]
+        // lowercase 'i' — invariant ToUpperInvariant gives 'I', not Turkish 'İ'
+        [InlineData("ali")]
+        // mixed ASCII + umlaut
+        [InlineData("testüser")]
+        public async Task GetUserByName_WithVariousCase_FindsUserCaseInsensitively(string username)
+        {
+            await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(username);
+
+            var upperFound = _userManager.GetUserByName(username.ToUpperInvariant());
+            var lowerFound = _userManager.GetUserByName(username.ToLowerInvariant());
+            var exactFound = _userManager.GetUserByName(username);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(upperFound);
+            Assert.NotNull(lowerFound);
+            Assert.NotNull(exactFound);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("nonexistent")]
+        // No user with NormalizedUsername = "MÜNCHEN" has been created
+        [InlineData("MÜNCHEN")]
+        public void GetUserByName_WhenUserDoesNotExist_ReturnsNull(string lookupName)
+        {
+            var result = _userManager.GetUserByName(lookupName);
+
+            Assert.Null(result);
+        }
+
+        // ----- CreateUserAsync duplicate detection tests -----
+
+        [Theory]
+        // German umlaut, case-swapped duplicate
+        [InlineData("münchen", "MÜNCHEN")]
+        // Spanish tilde-n, lowercase duplicate
+        [InlineData("Ñoño", "ñoño")]
+        // ASCII, uppercase duplicate
+        [InlineData("alice", "ALICE")]
+        // Turkish cedilla: "çelebi".ToUpperInvariant() == "ÇELEBI" == "ÇELEBI".ToUpperInvariant()
+        [InlineData("çelebi", "ÇELEBI")]
+        public async Task CreateUserAsync_WhenNormalizedNameAlreadyExists_ThrowsArgumentException(
+            string existingUsername, string duplicateUsername)
+        {
+            await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(existingUsername);
+
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ArgumentException>(
+                () => _userManager.CreateUserAsync(duplicateUsername));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        // Different non-ASCII names that do not collide after normalization
+        [InlineData("münchen", "münchen2")]
+        [InlineData("ali", "ali2")]
+        // Visually similar but different Unicode code points: ñ (U+00F1) vs n (U+006E)
+        [InlineData("noño", "nono")]
+        public async Task CreateUserAsync_WithDistinctNonAsciiUsernames_CreatesBothUsers(
+            string firstUsername, string secondUsername)
+        {
+            var first = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(firstUsername);
+            var second = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(secondUsername);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(first);
+            Assert.NotNull(second);
+            Assert.NotEqual(first.Id, second.Id);
+        }
+
+        // ----- RenameUser tests -----
+
+        [Theory]
+        // Rename to non-ASCII name
+        [InlineData("alice", "münchen")]
+        // Rename between similar non-ASCII and ASCII
+        [InlineData("müller", "mueller")]
+        // Contains 'i': invariant uppercase is always 'I', never Turkish 'İ'
+        [InlineData("ali", "ALI2")]
+        // Rename to Spanish tilde-n name
+        [InlineData("testuser", "Ñoño")]
+        public async Task RenameUser_SetsNormalizedUsernameToUpperInvariant(
+            string originalName, string newName)
+        {
+            var user = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(originalName);
+
+            await _userManager.RenameUser(user.Id, originalName, newName);
+
+            var renamed = _userManager.GetUserById(user.Id);
+            Assert.NotNull(renamed);
+            Assert.Equal(newName, renamed.Username);
+            Assert.Equal(newName.ToUpperInvariant(), renamed.NormalizedUsername);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        // Same name different case: NormalizedUsername already taken
+        [InlineData("münchen", "MÜNCHEN")]
+        // Spanish, lowercase conflicts with existing uppercase-normalised entry
+        [InlineData("Ñoño", "ñoño")]
+        // ASCII, capitalised conflict
+        [InlineData("alice", "Alice")]
+        // Mixed ASCII + umlaut
+        [InlineData("testüser", "TESTÜSER")]
+        public async Task RenameUser_WhenNormalizedNameConflictsWithExistingUser_ThrowsArgumentException(
+            string existingUsername, string conflictingNewName)
+        {
+            var targetUser = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync("renametarget");
+            await _userManager.CreateUserAsync(existingUsername);
+
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ArgumentException>(
+                () => _userManager.RenameUser(targetUser.Id, "renametarget", conflictingNewName));
+        }
+
+        private sealed class NoopEventManager : IEventManager
+        {
+            public void Publish<T>(T eventArgs)
+                where T : EventArgs
+            {
+            }
+
+            public Task PublishAsync<T>(T eventArgs)
+                where T : EventArgs
+                => Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+}